Kedu ihe bụ metabolism nke anụ ahụ?

Carbohydrates na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na nri kwesịrị ekwesị na nkesa nke edozi edozi. Ndị mmadụ na-eche banyere ahụ ike ha maara na carbohydrates dị mgbagwoju anya dị mma karịa ndị dị mfe. Na na ọ ka mma iri nri maka ogologo mgbaze na ike n'oge ụbọchị. Ma gịnị kpatara ya? Kedu ihe dị iche n'etiti usoro nke assimilation nke ngwa ngwa na ngwa ngwa carbohydrates? Kedu ihe kpatara ị ga - eji rie nri ụtọ naanị iji mechie windo protein, ebe mmanụ a honeyụ ka mma iri nanị n'abalị? Iji zaa ajụjụ ndị a, ka anyị tụlee n'ụzọ zuru ezu ihe ndị na-eme ka carbohydrates na-eme n'ahụ́ mmadụ.

Gịnị bụ carbohydrates?

Na mgbakwunye na ịnọgide na-enwe ezigbo ibu, carbohydrates dị n'ahụ mmadụ na-arụ nnukwu ọrụ, ọdịda nke gụnyere ọ bụghị naanị omume oke ibu, kamakwa ọtụtụ nsogbu ndị ọzọ.

Isi ọrụ nke carbohydrates ga-arụ ọrụ ndị a:

1. Ike - ihe dị ka 70% nke calorie bụ carbohydrates. Iji mee ka usoro oxydation nke 1 g nke carbohydrates na-ewere ọnọdụ, ahụ chọrọ 4.1 kcal nke ike.
2. Owuwu - soro na ihe ndi mejuputara.
3. Reserve - mepụta ebe nchekwa na akwara na umeji n’ụdị glycogen.
4. Iwu - ụfọdụ homonụ bụ glycoproteins na okike. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, homonụ nke gland thyroid na pituitary gland - otu akụkụ akụkụ nke ihe ndị dị otú ahụ bụ protein, nke ọzọ bụ carbohydrate.
5. Ihe nchebe - heteropolysaccharides na-ekere òkè na njikọ nke imi, nke na-ekpuchi akpụkpọ anụ mucous nke akụkụ iku ume, akụkụ nri, na urinary tract.
6. Soro na njirimara cell.
7. Ha bụ akụkụ nke membranes nke erythrocytes.
8. Ha bụ otu n'ime ndị na-achịkwa ọbara ọgbụgba, ebe ha bụ akụkụ nke prothrombin na fibrinogen, heparin (isi iyi - akwụkwọ ọgụgụ "Biological Chemistry", Severin).

Maka anyị, isi mmalite nke carbohydrates bụ ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị anyị na-enweta site na nri: stachi, sucrose na lactose.

@ Evgeniya
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Ọnọdụ nke mmebi nke saccharides

Tupu anyị atụlee atụmatụ nke mmeghachi omume biochemical n'ime ahụ na mmetụta nke metabolism carbohydrate na arụmọrụ egwuregwu, ka anyị tụlee usoro nke mmebi nke saccharides na ngbanwe ọzọ ha na glycogen nke na ndị na-eme egwuregwu na-egwupụta ihe ma na-emefu oge nkwadebe maka asọmpi.

Ogbo 1 - tupu ekewa ya na mmiri

N'adịghị ka ndị na-edozi ahụ na abụba, carbohydrates na-amalite ịmalite ime ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ozugbo ọ banyere oghere ọnụ. Nke bụ eziokwu bụ na ọtụtụ n'ime ngwaahịa ndị na-abanye n'ime ahụ nwere carbohydrates dị mgbagwoju anya, nke, n'okpuru mmetụta nke mmiri, ya bụ amylase enzyme nke bụ akụkụ nke ihe mejupụtara ya, na ihe na-akpata ihe mebiri n'ime saccharides dị mfe.

Oge nke 2 - mmetụta nke afọ acid na mmebi ọzọ

Nke a bụ ebe afo acid na-abanye. Ọ na-agbaji saccharides dị mgbagwoju anya nke mmiri adịghị emetụta. Karịsịa, n'okpuru ọrụ nke enzymes, a na-agbaji lactose na galactose, nke na-emesị ghọọ glucose.

Oge nke 3 - ịmịnye glucose n'ime ọbara

N'oge a, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ glucose niile na-agba ume na-abanye n'ime ọbara, na-agafe usoro ịgba ụka na imeju. Ike nke ume na-arị elu nke ukwuu ma ọbara na-ejupụta karịa.

Oge nke 4 - nzaghachi na insulin

N'okpuru mmetụta glucose, ọbara na-ebuwanye ibu, nke na-eme ka o siere ya ike ịkwaga na ibufe oxygen. Glucose na-anọchi oxygen, nke na-akpata mmeghachi omume nchebe - mbelata nke carbohydrates dị n’ọbara.

Insulin na glucagon si na pancreas banye na plasma.

Nke mbụ mepee mkpụrụ ndụ ụgbọ njem maka mmegharị nke shuga na ha, nke na-eweghachite ihe furu efu nke ihe. Glucagon, n’aka nke ya, na-ebelata njikọ glucose sitere na glycogen (oriri nke ike ndị dị n’ime), na insulin “oghere” mkpụrụ ndụ ndị bụ isi n’ahụ ma na-etinye glucose n’ebe ahụ n’ụdị glycogen ma ọ bụ lipids.

Ogbo 5 - metabolism nke carbohydrates n'ime imeju

Na ụzọ iji mezue mgbaze, carbohydrates na-adaba na onye na-agbachitere ahụ - mkpụrụ ndụ imeju. Ọ bụ na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a ka carbohydrates n'okpuru mmetụta nke acids pụrụ iche jikọtara n'agbụ kachasị dị mfe - glycogen.

Oge nke 6 - glycogen ma ọ bụ abụba

Imeju nwere ike ịhazi naanị ụfọdụ ego nke monosaccharides dị n'ime ọbara. Nrị elu insulin na-arị elu na-eme ka ọ mee ya n'oge na-adịghị anya. Ọ bụrụ na imeju enweghị oge iji gbanwee glucose n'ime glycogen, mmeghachi omume lipid na-apụta: a na-agbanwe glucose niile na-abaghị uru n'ime abụba dị mfe site na ijikọ ya na acid. Ahụ na-eme nke a iji hapụ ọkọnọ, agbanyeghị, n'ihi nri anyị na-eri mgbe niile, ọ "na-echefu" ịgbari, na agbụ glucose, na-atụgharị n'ime anụ ahụ dị na plastik, na-ebu ya n'okpuru akpụkpọ ahụ.

Ogbo 7 - uzo nke abuo

Ọ bụrụ na umeji diri ibu shuga ma nwee ike ịgbanwe carbohydrates niile ka ọ bụrụ glycogen, nke ikpeazụ, n'okpuru mmetụta nke insulin homonụ, na-achịkwa iji chekwaa ahụ ike. Ọzọkwa, na ọnọdụ nke enweghị oxygen, a na-ekewa ya na glucose dị mfe, ọ naghị alaghachi na usoro ọbara dum, mana ọ na-adịgide na akwara. Ya mere, ịgafe imeju, glycogen na-enye ike maka mgbagha ahụ ike, ma na-enwekwu ntachi obi (isi iyi - "Wikipedia").

A na-akpọkarị usoro a "ifufe nke abụọ". Mgbe onye na-eme egwuregwu nwere nnukwu ụlọ ahịa nke glycogen na abụba visceral dị mfe, a ga-eme ka ha ghọọ ike dị ọcha naanị na enweghị oxygen. N'aka nke ya, mmanya na-egbu egbu nke dị na fatty acids na-akpali vasodilation ọzọ, nke ga-eduga n'inwe ike ikuku oxygen na ọnọdụ nke ụkọ ya.

Ekwesiri ighota ihe mere eji ekewa carbohydrates ka odi nfe. Ihe niile gbasara ha glycemic index, nke na-ekpebi onu ogugu. Nke a, n'aka nke ya, na-ebute iwu nke metabolism carbohydrate. Na carbohydrate dị mfe, ọ na-abanye ngwa ngwa na imeju yana ọ nwere ike gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ abụba.

Okpokoro okpokoro nke glycemic index na mkpokọta mejupụtara nke carbohydrates na ngwaahịa:

Otú ọ dị, ọbụna nri nwere nnukwu glycemic index enweghị ike imebi metabolism na ọrụ nke carbohydrates n'ụzọ ọrụ glycemic na-eme. Ọ na - ekpebi etu umeji si arụ ọrụ na glucose mgbe ngwaahịa a riri. Mgbe ụfọdụ ọnụ ụzọ GN (ihe dị ka 80-100) ruru, a ga-agbanwe calorie niile karịa nke a na-akpaghị aka n'ime triglycerides.

Okpokoro dị nso nke ibu glycemic na calorie zuru ezu:

Nzaghachi insulin na glucagon

N'ime usoro nke iri ihe ọ bụla carbohydrate, ma ọ bụ shuga ma ọ bụ starch dị mgbagwoju anya, ahụ na-ebute mmeghachi omume abụọ n'otu oge, ike ya ga-adabere na ihe ndị a tụlere na mbụ, na mbupute nke insulin.

Ọ dị mkpa ịghọta na a na-ewepụta insulin mgbe niile n'ime ọbara. Nke a pụtara na otu ofe dị ụtọ dị egwu maka ahụ dịka pies ụtọ ise. Insulin na-edozi njupụta ọbara. Nke a dị mkpa ka mkpụrụ ndụ niile nweta ike zuru oke na-arụ ọrụ na ọnọdụ hyper ma ọ bụ hypo. Mana nke kachasị mkpa bụ ọsọ ọ na-ebugharị, ibu ya na akwara obi yana ike ibugharị oxygen dabere njupụta nke ọbara.

Mwepu nke insulin bụ mmeghachi omume ebumpụta ụwa. Insulin na-eme oghere n'ime sel niile dị n'ahụ nke nwere ike ịnweta ume ọzọ, wee kpochie ya n'ime ha. Ọ bụrụ na umeji diri ibu ahụ, a na-etinye glycogen n'ime sel, ọ bụrụ na imeju ahụ dara, mgbe ahụ, acids fatty na-abanye n'otu sel.

Ya mere, nhazi nke metabolism nke carbohydrate na-apụta nanị n'ihi ịhapụ insulin. Ọ bụrụ na ezughị (ọ bụghị n'oge na-adịghị anya, mana otu oge), mmadụ nwere ike ịnwe shuga - ọnọdụ nke ahụ chọrọ ahụ mmiri ọzọ iji mee ka ọbara dịkwuo elu ma tụgharịa ya n'ụzọ niile dịnụ.

Ihe nke abụọ dị mkpa n'oge a nke metabolism carbohydrate bụ glucagon. Nke a homonụ na-ekpebi ma imeju kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ site na isi mmalite ma ọ bụ site na mpụga.

N'okpuru mmetụta nke glucagon, imeju na-ewepụta glycogen dị njikere (anaghị ere ere), nke enwetara site na sel dị n'ime, wee bido ịchịkọta glycogen ọhụrụ site na glucose.

Ọ bụ glycogen dị n'ime ya na-ekesa insulin site na sel na mbụ (isi mmalite - akwụkwọ ọgụgụ "Sports Biochemistry", Mikhailov).

Ike nkesa na-esochi

Nkesa nke ike nke carbohydrates na-adabere na ụdị usoro iwu na ịdị mma nke ahụ:

1. Na onye a na-azụghị azụ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ eme ihe. Mgbe ọkwa glucagon belata, mkpụrụ ndụ glycogen laghachi na imeju, ebe a na-edozi ha n'ime triglycerides.
2. Onye na-eme egwuregwu. Mkpụrụ ndụ Glycogen dị n'okpuru insulin na-agbachi kpamkpam n'ime akwara, na-enye ike maka mmega ahụ na-esote.
3. Onye na-abụghị onye na-eme egwuregwu na-eji ngwa ngwa metabolism. Glycogen na-alaghachi na imeju ya, ebughachiri ya na ọkwa glucose, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ na-eju ọbara ọbara na ọkwa oke. Site na nke a, ọ na - akpata ọnọdụ mbelata, ebe ọ bụ na n'agbanyeghị oke ike nke ume, mkpụrụ ndụ enweghị oke oxygen kwesịrị ekwesị.

Nsonaazụ

Ike metabolism bụ usoro nke na-etinye carbohydrates. Ọ dị mkpa ịghọta na ọbụlagodi na enweghị shuga shuga kpọmkwem, ahụ ka ga-agbaji anụ ahụ na glucose dị mfe, nke ga-eduga nbelata anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ abụba anụ ahụ (dabere na ụdị ọnọdụ nrụgide).

Lelee vidiyo ahụ: 05 IHE NDIA DI NJO (November 2024).